One Solution
That Works

Stand Alone Version

The composition of the universe is a great puzzle. Many solutions to the puzzle explain a few things, but only one solution explains it all. This solution has not changed since it was first proposed over a hundred years ago. It still works. Although physicists expend much effort in search of alternatives, this is the only solution that explains everything and still holds up.

Most young physicists have forgotten that the puzzle was actually solved at the turn of the twentieth century. Colleges and Universities no longer teach the solution that still works. Physics has evolved away from a working solution and latched onto a solution that only promises to work. Quantum Mechanics relies upon a particle not yet discovered to describe the universe.

The solution to the puzzle is not complicated at all. Anyone can understand it.

The first great clue is relativity phenomena. James Clerk Maxwell developed a set of equations that explain how electromagnetic fields work. One solution to the equations produces the speed of light. To the great surprise of physicists, the equations do not depend upon the speed of the frame of reference of the environment.

Soon after this discovery by Maxwell, physicists realized that only one thing could produce such a result. All of nature must be comprised of a most elemental thing that always moved at the speed of light. At the turn of the twentieth century, physicists believed that this was so. They taught that the final irreducible constituent of all physical reality was the electromagnetic field.

But this solution only works if we consider space-time as flat in the classic non-varying sense. Space-time as such prohibits the Big Bang idea of creation and it prohibits the formation of black holes. It also prohibits Einstein's ideas for the causes of relativity phenomena.

This construct of nature also prohibits the most influential theory now taught. It prohibits the idea of Quantum Mechanics. But colleges and universities are stuck on Quantum Theory. They will not budge. So, the true solution to the puzzle of the construct of the universe is banned by all colleges and universities.

Solutions
Evidence

Why Does Squaring
Shell Mass Work

Stand Alone Version

The square of the shells rule produces results for the size, mass, and charge amplitude for the inner shells of nuclear particles. Values thus calculated agree with measured values. There is a reason why this must be so and could not possibly be otherwise.

The rule assumes that nuclear particles exist as shell structures. Each shell is comprised of a single photon trapped in a circle by positive feedback and resonance. Three such shells make up a proton. Four such shells make up a neutron. Each smaller shell is more massive than the next larger shell by the square of the mass value of the larger shell.

Smaller shells are more massive than larger shells because mass is determined by the frequency of the single photon that comprises the shell. Higher frequency equals greater mass but shorter wave length. Shorter wave length equals smaller size but more mass.

A particle comprised of a photons trapped in circles inside larger circles would exist with certain dynamics. Points of peak amplitude would syncronize with each other. Certain patterns would form. This would favor certain mass configurations. These configurations would have a mathematical relationship with each other. That this relationship would be the square of shell mass was a wild guess.

The results were so perfect, that it was never tested. Such a test might add to the perfection.

Welcome To
Century Twenty One
in which
The Dark Ages of
Quantum Theory
E N D S

Everyone will look at each other and say, "What the hell could we have been thinking?"

My first clue came years ago with the discovery of the Microwave Background Radiation. It surprised me that physicists associated this with the Big Bang Theory. To me it seemed to exactly match the predicted temperature of the universe that would naturally happen. Physicists had predicted this for years and had attempted to calculate the value of it. The idea was that stars send out radiation that warms space debris. This space debris would then radiate that energy. A certain overall ambient temperature would result. Studies by many different physicists placed this temperature in the range of four degrees K.

All serious studies placed ambient temperature within one degree of the measured value. On the other hand, the predicted cool down of the Big Bang was many orders of magnitude greater in the range of 50 K. Instead of supporting the Big Bang Theory, the measured value refuted it. What we should see would be the normal temperature due to starlight, plus an added value left over from the Big Bang. This is not what we see.

This told me that all is not right in the great halls of academia. Something is going on that is destructive to scientific progress. Notions held have more influence than they should have. The Big Bang theory was propped up and given credibility where it had none.

Then I discovered that the Big Bang theory was not even self consistent. It did not work without an expansion period in which the laws of nature were violated. A special set of laws had to be formulated for that special case. And as you would expect with any self induced set of laws, they were what ever they needed to be to create the hypothesized result. The Big Bang Theory was just another creation theory. It was religion. No problem. I left it at that.

So, how do we know that Quantum Theory will end in the twenty first century? Quantum Theory does not agree with reality. Maybe reality is wrong. Or maybe our perception of reality is wrong. Or, most likely, Quantum Theory is wrong.

Relativity phenomena is real. Quantum Theory does not predict it. If Quantum Theory predicted reality, Relativity phenomena would be at the core of its predictions. It is not there. The theory can not be complete.

Note that I said relativity PHENOMENA and not Relativity Theory. The two are not the same.

The thing that is wrong with Quantum Theory is the notion that particle exchange conveys forces. The contrary notion is that a force field conveys forces. This simplifies to just two related forces of nature. These two are the electric and the magnetic forces. From just these two forces, we can build consistent notions that explain everything in the universe.

Nature behaves as if
everything is made of light.

This was no big deal at the turn of the twentieth century. Most accepted it as reality. Poincare, Lorentz and others worked up a set of equations to describe how material things must distort if so constructed. Only a few of the equations could be tested at the time.

Now, a hundred years later we find that the equations do describe all of the contortions of material things that move. They survived every test we could devise. So now we can have a warm feeling inside, knowing that we understand the cause of all the strange things we see in nature.

But then, Max Planck made an innocent little discovery. He found that light only exists in quantum sized packets. No one knew why this was so. They had no clue about how come the quantum.

So most everybody abandoned the warm fuzzy notions that they could see and measure. They adopted a new theory, Quantum Mechanics, a theory not compatible with the idea that all of nature is made of light. So, physicists abandoned an idea that explained why all things behave exactly the way they do.

Quantum theory is philosophically flawed at its foundation. Many of its founders, including Erwin Schrodinger, abandoned the theory and Albert Einstein never accepted it at all.

There are two facts not taught that we should keep in mind.

There has never ever been an experiment that even suggests that all of nature is not comprised of light alone.

There has never ever been an experiment that even suggests that the quantum notion of superposition is real.

How Come the Quantum

A few little clues:

• Photons propagate through space as saturated points of electric and magnetic amplitude.
• Saturation amplitude is a constant.
• Amplitude change in spatially extended fields drive the points through space.
• This amplitude change determines the trajectory of the points.
• Interaction only happens at or near the points.
• Slits interfere with amplitude change in the fields.
• So slits interfere with the trajectory of the points.
• That is the answer to the mystery of the slits.
• That is the answer to, how come the quantum.

Cause And Effect
What is the cause
of these effects.

Planck's Constant:
Since the quantum is so pervasive in nature we might start by considering how come the quantum. First, consider, what is the quantum? By definition it is the amount of energy-time of every photon. A photon is comprised solely of electric and magnetic change. So a quantum is a constant amount of electric and magnetic change. But why is that?

Max Planck observed that this happened in the early nineteen hundreds. But the reason why is still a mystery to most people. The whole science of Quantum Mechanics and all its quantum derivatives grew from that finding. But, even in all its glory, it still can not answer the, "why," question.

Only a few realize the obvious reason why photons exist as quanta.

Consider that a photon is comprised only of electric and magnetic change. The total amount of this change over time is a constant, hence, quanta. The electric and magnetic amplitude reached by that change must also be a constant.

We know this because electric and magnetic amplitude is not considered in the definition of quanta. If the electric and magnetic amplitude reached by a photon could vary, that variation would be a factor the definition.

Now we have two constants. One, Planck's constant, is energy-time. The other, unnamed, is peak electric and magnetic amplitude; these are physical properties of space. Physical properties can be real causes.

I submit that:
These unnamed physical properties of space are the cause of Planck's constant.

Planck's constant is the effect; the cause is a property of space that limits electric and magnetic amplitude. This is very important. We will show that these properties of space are also the cause of gravity.

So the cause of Planck's constant is that photons exist as saturated points of electric and magnetic amplitude. We know from observation that all photons reach this maximum amplitude of potential force.

Quantum Phenomena:
How come the quantum then is because empty space has limits on the amount of electric and magnetic amplitude it can support. These limits cause Planck's constant. These limits therefore cause the quantum nature of the universe. We have not invented anything new for this realization. We just noticed the obvious cause for a well known effect. But we only noticed it because we looked for a cause for the quantum effect.

So far as anyone knows, these limits only apply to photons. There is no reason we know about that other things would be quantized. So, Planck length, Planck time, etc, are meaningless even though we may assign a value to them. We can not apply this obvious cause for the quantum nature of the universe to other unrelated effects. So those other things must remain undetermined, and maybe nonexistent.

So the cause of all quantum phenomena is the same properties of empty space that cause Planck's constant. These properties of empty space force all photons to propagate with a fixed electric and magnetic amplitude.

Uncertainty:
Now we get to another well known effect, the uncertainty phenomena. There seems to be a built-in uncertainty governing nature. This uncertainty does not permit us to know both the momentum of an object and its position simultaneously. We can know either with great accuracy, but the better we know one the less we know the other. We can trace the cause of this uncertainty back to our inability to predict exactly where a photon or an electron will hit a target.

We know a photon is comprised of electric and magnetic change, and nothing else. Electric and magnetic change has the ability to induce change in other objects in their path. The induced change is also a change, which itself can induce change; so there is a back force. This back force can change the path of a photon that is interacting to induce change. The dynamics of this causes photons to affect a target at a slightly off-center location relative to a photon's path. An incoming photon does a little dance with electrons in the target and dynamically affects those that resonate with it. We can not know the dynamics of all the atoms near a photon's impact point. So we must be uncertain about the point's exact location. This off-center impact is the cause of uncertainty phenomena.

Relativity phenomena:
Relativity phenomena is the natural result of the construct of matter. We know that most of matter is composed of constituents that must always move at the invariant speed of light. Because of this, movement must distort matter. Even with QM theory, that construct produces relativity phenomena in flat space time. However, to get the arithmetic to correctly predict observations, all of matter must be involved. The arithmetic does not work if there is something of matter that does not move at light speed at its most elemental level. But it only works in flat space-time. Relativity phenomena develops naturally only in flat space-time. It needs a special inertial frame that is at rest in space. The Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation occupies that special inertial frame.

The shape and the time experience of matter must distort in order to move. The shape distorts by contracting in the direction of movement. This is because the constituent particles must move at the speed of light relative to the fixed frame. They must bunch up to stay together. The time experience of matter must slow when matter moves because photons that comprise atomic components must travel a greater distance to complete the patterns they occupy within the matter. The repetition rate of atomic patterns is the arbiter of time. So the time experience of matter in motion must slow.

It is no coincidence that our measurements of the speed of light are exactly the same in any inertial frame. That is a consequence of the construct of matter. It can not be otherwise when we consider that matter is itself made of light. It is a simple consequence of the arithmetic. The Lorentz transforms describe how matter must distort based upon its construct. So we know that relativity phenomena is real. The cause of relativity phenomena is that the most elemental constituents of all physical reality must always move at the invariant speed of light.

Gravity:
The most elemental thing we know that both responds to gravity and produces gravity is the photon. All massive objects consist mostly of photons, even in QM theory. So maybe it is the photons that provide all gravitational phenomena. This must be so for any photon-only theory because that is all there is to any physical reality. So lets examine the make up of a photon and look for a gravity-responsive and gravity-creating mechanism.

A photon consists of two points of electric and magnetic change. Surrounding the points are fields that extend spatially outward. The fields diminish in amplitude as the square of distance. At a very short distance away from the photon's central path, the fields are too weak to interact with matter. So the fields are invisible to matter and matter is invisible to the fields. The fields are free to permeate through matter just as if the matter was not there.

These diminished photon fields permeate the universe. A photon moving through the fields senses the minute electric and magnetic amplitude of the fields. The amplitude of the diminished fields contribute toward the constant amplitude of the photon. The central points of photons reach their constant amplitude with the help of the diminished fields. They thus reach their constant amplitude at an offset toward increasing field strength of the diminished fields. The result of this is that the path of the photon is slightly bent toward the direction of increasing field strength of the diminished fields.

Matter:
We know that a photon trapped in a mirrored box contributes to the overall mass of the box-photon system. So we can know with considerable certainty that a photon trapped in a local area by any means will appear as mass. We know also that a photon is comprised of fields of changing electric and magnetic amplitude. The changing fields are symmetrical with a positive half cycle and a negative half cycle that exactly balance. Because the fields balance, a photon appears neutral. But this can only be true when a photon moves in a straight line.

When the path of a photon is bent the fields can not be symmetrical. The area outside the bend is greater than the area inside the bend. The electric and magnetic fields that drive the photon through space can not be symmetrical in the bend. This asymmetry presents itself as electric charge. This electric charge has an additional action that bends the path of a photon more. The amount of the additional bending of the path is equal to the original bending. The result is a bend radius of twice the amount. So starlight paths bent by the sun's gravity are bent twice as much as the sun's gravity alone can account for.

There is a direct relationship between the bend radius of the photon's path and the amplitude of the residual electric charge. The tighter the bend, the greater the residual electric charge. This electric charge acts as positive feedback that tightens the bend radius of a photon's path. In addition to this positive feedback, there is another force that can act to help trap a photon in a local pattern.

Resonance is a very powerful force in electromagnetic phenomena. A photon can resonate with itself when a complete loop forms in one wavelength. Then we have two forces at work to trap the photon in the pattern. We have the positive feedback of the electric charge and the photon's own self resonance. At just the right frequency, a stable electron or positron may be formed.

So the cause of matter is positive feedback and photon self resonance. The feedback comes from the bent path. The self resonance happens when a complete loop forms in one wavelength.

Nuclear Dynamics:
Consider that a proton is comprised of three photon shells in accordance with the Square-Of-The-Shells rule below. Shell 2 is positively charged on the outside and negatively charged on the inside. In accordance with the rule, the charge of the electron is taken as unity. The electric charge amplitude of the proton's shells follow the rule. The charge amplitude on a neutron's outer shell is then about 2.54992 times the value of the electrons charge amplitude. Even though the charge amplitude at the surface is greater than the electric charge amplitude at an electron's surface, the amplitude is exactly the same as that of an electron when sensed from any distance greater than an electron's radius. This is because the sensed amplitude diminishes with the square of distance; the charge at the shell surface increases as the square of distance. So the charge amplitude at the surface of shell 2 is about 6.50209 and the charge amplitude at the surface of shell 3 is about 42.27723 as great as that of an electron. Again, any sense of this amplitude at any distance greater than an electrons radius will show its value as exactly equal to that of an electron.

So we have four forces in play when two protons merge. The value of the forces add up to the value of the strong nuclear interaction taken in terms of electron charges. Protons may merge when excited enough for the outer shells 2 to push past each other. The inner two proton shells, shell 3 and shell 4 are then trapped inside of shells 2.

The dynamics of this entrapment are obvious, and fit observations exactly. When forcing a trapped proton out of its trap, the forces at first increase. Opposite charges repel as the two shells 3 approach closer to the entrapping shells 2. The forces will also increase when the two protons are compressed, again, exactly matching observations.

So, the obvious cause of atomic nuclear dynamics is the electric charges on shells 2 and shells 3 of the proton.